A Conflict of Visions: Ideological Origins of Political Struggles Read online

  35. Milton and Rose Friedman, Free to Choose (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1980), p. 17.

  36. Ibid., p. 18.

  37. Adolf A. Berle, Power (New York: Harcourt Brace and World, Inc., 1969), p. 200.

  38. Ibid., p. 208.

  39. John Kenneth Galbraith, The New Industrial State (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1967), p. 58.

  40. John Kenneth Galbraith, The Affluent Society (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1958), pp. 110-111; George J. Stigler, The Economist as Preacher (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), p. 57.

  41. Harry G. Johnson, On Economics and Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975), p. 202.

  42. Gunnar Myrdal, Asian Drama, abridged by Seth S. King (New York: Vintage Books, 1972), p. 11.

  43. P. T. Bauer, Dissent on Development, (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979), p. 25.

  44. Gunnar Myrdal, Asian Drama, p. 131.

  45. Ibid., p. 142.

  46. P. T. Bauer, Reality and Rhetoric: Studies in the Economics of Development (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1984), p. 36.

  47. Gunnar Myrdal, Asian Drama, pp. 3,106,131-145.

  48. Ibid., pp. 18, 25, 55.

  49. Gunnar Myrdal, Asian Drama, p. 150.

  50. Ibid., p. 181.

  51. Ibid., p. 43.

  52. Ibid., p. 53.

  53. Ibid., pp. 68-69.

  54. Ibid., p. 4.

  55. P. T. Bauer, Reality and Rhetoric, pp. 2-3, 6, 30-31.

  56. P. T. Bauer, Equality, the Third World, and Economic Delusion (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981), p. 80.

  57. P. T. Bauer, Dissent on Development, p. 162.

  58. P. T. Bauer, Equality, the Third World, and Economic Delusion, p. 83.

  59. Ibid., p. 84.

  60. P. T. Bauer, Dissent on Development, p. 44.

  61. P. T. Bauer, Equality, the Third World, and Economic Delusion, p. 49.

  62. P. T. Bauer, Dissent on Development, pp. 205-206.

  63. P. T. Bauer, Reality and Rhetoric, p. 35.

  64. P. T. Bauer, Dissent on Development, p. 221.

  65. Gunnar Myrdal, Asian Drama, p. 63.

  66. Ibid., p. 79.

  67. Ibid., p. 82.

  68. Ibid., p. 143.

  69. P. T. Bauer, Reality and Rhetoric, p. 25.

  70. John Kenneth Galbraith, The Anatomy of Power (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1983), p. 7.

  71. Robert A. Dahl and Charles E. Lindblom, Politics, Economics and Welfare (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967), p. 94.

  72. John Kenneth Galbraith, The Anatomy of Power, p. 14.

  73. One of the noted contemporary advocates of the concept of "economic power" defines it as the "capacity to cause or to refuse production, purchase, sale, or delivery of goods, or to cause or prevent the rendering of service (including labor)." Adolf A. Berle, Power, p. 143.

  74. John Dewey, Intelligence in the Modern World (New York: Random House, 1939), p. 448.

  75. Superior Oil Company v. State of Mississippi, ex rel. Knox, Attorney General, 280 U.S. 390, at 395-396.

  76. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., Collected Legal Papers (New York: Peter Smith, 1952), p. 208.

  77. Erie Railroad Co. v. Board of Public Utility Commissioners et al., 254 U.S. 394, at 411.

  78. Otis v. Parker, 187 U.S. 606, at 608.

  79. Brown v. United States, 256 U.S. 335, at 343.

  80. Ronald Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously, p. 149.

  81. Ibid., p. 137.

  82. Ibid., p. 139.

  83. Ibid., p. 277.

  84. Ibid., pp. 264, 265.

  85. Laurence H. Tribe, Constitutional Choices (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985), p. 22.

  86. Ibid., p. 227.

  87. Laurence H. Tribe, Constitutional Choices, p. 28.

  88. Ibid., p. 165.

  89. Ibid., p. 171.

  90. Ibid., p. 179.

  91. Ibid., p. 187.

  92. Ronald Coase, "The Problem of Social Cost," Journal of Law Economics, October 1960, p. 16.

  93. Eirik G. Furubotn and Svetozar Pejovich, "Property Rights and Economic Theory: A Survey of the Literature," Journal of Economic Literature, December 1972,p.1137.

  94. Laurence H. Tribe, Constitutional Choices, p. 189.

  95. Ibid., p. 193.

  96. Ibid., p. 220.

  97. Ibid., p. 197.

  98. Ibid., p. 193.

  99. Armen A. Alchian and Harold Demsetz, "Production, Information Costs, and Economic Organization," American Economic Review, December 1972, pp. 777, 788.

  100. Ibid., p. 777.

  101. Laurence H. Tribe, Constitutional Choices, p. 243.

  102. See, for example, Food Employees Local Union v. Logan Valley Plaza, 391 U.S. 308, and Lloyd Corp., Ltd., v. Tanner, 407 U.S. 551.

  103. Laurence H. Tribe, Constitutional Choices, p. 255.

  104. Ibid., p. 247.

  105. Peterson et al. v. City of Greenville, 373 U.S. 244, at 250.

  CHAPTER 8: VISIONS OF JUSTICE

  1. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971), pp. 3-4.

  2. Ronald Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1980), p. xi; Laurence H. Tribe, Constitutional Choices (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1985), p. 5.

  3. William Godwin, Enquiry Concerning Political Justice (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1969), Vol. I, p. 166.

  4. Godwin, for example, was averse to government's redressing inequalities in the distribution of property, though he regarded these inequalities as moral inequities. Ibid., Vol. II, pp. 433-434.

  5. Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (Indianapolis: Liberty Classics, 1976), p. 169.

  6. Ibid., p. 167.

  7. Ibid., pp. 167-168.

  8. Ibid., p. 166.

  9. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., The Common Law (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1923), p. 108.

  10. Ibid., p. 48.

  11. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., Collected Legal Papers (New York: Peter Smith, 1952), p. 179.

  12. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., The Common Law, p. 48.

  13. Buck v. Bell, Superintendent, 274 U.S. 200, at 207.

  14. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., The Common Law, p. 1.

  15. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., Collected Legal Papers, p. 194.

  16. Ibid.

  17. William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), Vol. I, p. 62.

  18. Ibid., p. 41.

  19. Ibid., p. 70.

  20. Ibid., p. 68.

  21. Ibid., pp. 59, 60, 61, passim.

  22. Ibid., p. 70.

  23. Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (New York: Everyman's Library, 1967), p. 92.

  24. F. A. Hayek, Law, Legislation and Liberty (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973), Vol. I, p. 100.

  25. Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, p. 142.

  26. Ibid., p. 156.

  27. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., The Common Law, p. 2.

  28. William Godwin, Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, Vol. II, p. 347.

  29. Ibid., p. 400.

  30. Ibid., p. 404.

  31. John Dewey, Human Nature and Conduct (New York: Random House, 1957), p. 46.

  32. William Godwin, Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, Vol. I, p. 171.

  33. Ibid., p. 173.

  34. Deterrence versus rehabilitation approaches to crime control, for example.

  35. Antoine-Nicolas de Condorcet, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind (Westport, Conn.: Hyperion Press, Inc., 1955), p. 192.

  36. William Godwin, Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, Vol. I, pp. 437-438.

  37. Ibid., pp. 171ff.

  38. Antoine-Nicolas de Condorcet, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind, p. 112.

  39. Ibid., p. 31.

  40. Laurence
H. Tribe, Constitutional Choices, p. ix.

  41. Ibid., p. viii.

  42. Ibid., p. 4.

  43. Ibid., p. 5.

  44. Ibid., p. 268.

  45. Ibid., p. 11.

  46. Ibid., p. 13.

  47. Ibid., p. 26.

  48. Ibid., p. 239.

  49. Ibid., pp. 241-242.

  50. Ronald Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously, p. 147.

  51. See, for example, Richard Posner, Economic Analysis of Law (Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1972), Chapter 2.

  52. Ibid., pp. 12-13, 18. See also idem., The Economics of Justice (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981), pp. 70-71, 180-182.

  53. Milton Friedman Capitalism and Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962), Chapter 1.

  54. Abrams et al. v. United States, 250 U.S. 616, at 630.

  55. Ibid. Holmes also said, in this dissent: "I do not doubt for a moment that by the same reasoning that would justify punishing persuasion to murder, the United States constitutionally may punish speech that produces or is intended to produce a clear and imminent danger that it will bring about forthwith certain substantive evils that the United States constitutionally may seek to prevent." Ibid., at 627.

  56. Ronald Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously, p. 264.

  57. Laurence H. Tribe, Constitutional Choices, p. 165.

  58. Ibid., p. 169.

  59. Ibid., p. 165.

  60. Ibid., p. 11.

  61. Ibid., p. 189.

  62. Ibid., p. 197.

  63. Ibid., p. 188.

  64. Ibid., p. 220.

  65. See, for example, Marsh v. Alabama, 326 U.S. 501; Food Employees Union v. Logan Valley Plaza, 391 U.S. 308.

  66. Laurence H. Tribe, Constitutional Choices, p. 258.

  67. William Godwin, Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, Vol. II, p. 57.

  68. Ibid., Vol. I, pp. 161, 162.

  69. Ibid., pp. 168-169, 206; ibid., Vol. II, pp. 432, 439-445; Antoine-Nicolas de Condorcet, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind, pp. 130131, 180.

  70. F. A. Hayek, Law, Legislation and Liberty (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976), Vol. II, p. 64.

  71. See subtitle, ibid., title page.

  72. F. A. Hayek, Law, Legislation and Liberty, Vol. II, p. xii.

  73. Ibid., p. 66.

  74. Ibid., p. 78.

  75. Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (New York: Modern Library, 1937), pp. 683, 734-738; John Rae, Life of Adam Smith (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1965), p. 437.

  76. Michael St. John Packe, The Life of John Stuart Mill (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1954), pp. 5659, 457-462, 484.

  77. Edmund Burke, The Correspondence of Edmund Burke (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968), Vol. VII, pp. 124-125; Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, p. 337; Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, pp. 365-366; William Godwin, Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, pp. 443-444; AntoineNicolas de Condorcet, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind, p. 114.

  78. Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom, pp. 191193; Bernard Shaw, The Intelligent Woman's Guide to Socialism and Capitalism (New York: Brentano's Publishers, 1928), pp. 112-117.

  79. William Godwin, Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, Vol. II, pp. 429-430.

  80. Bernard Shaw, The Intelligent Woman's Guide to Socialism and Capitalism, pp. 95-96.

  81. F. A. Hayek, Law, Legislation and Liberty, Vol. II, p. 75.

  82. Ibid., p. 67.

  83. F. A. Hayek, Studies in Philosophy, Politics and Economics (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1969), p. 238.

  84. F. A. Hayek, Law, Legislation and Liberty, Vol. II, p. xii.

  85. Ibid., p. xi.

  86. Ibid., p. 80.

  87. Ibid., p. 97.

  88. Ibid., p. 130.

  89. Friedrich A. Hayek, The Road to Serfdom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972), p. 79.

  90. F. A. Hayek, Law, Legislation and Liberty, Vol. II, pp. 62-63.

  91. Ibid., p. 33.

  92. Ibid., p. 70.

  93. Ibid., p. 64.

  94. F. A. Hayek, Studies in Philosophy, Politics and Economics, p. 240.

  95. Ibid., p. 243.

  96. F. A. Hayek, Law, Legislation and Liberty, Vol. II, p. 36.

  97. See, for example, Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom, pp. 133-136, 161-177.

  98. Richard Posner, The Economics of Justice.

  99. Friedrich A. Hayek, The Road to Serfdom, p. 167.

  100. Ibid., Chapter XII.

  101. F. A. Hayek, Law, Legislation and Liberty, Vol. II, p. 86.

  102. Ibid., p. 86.

  103. Ronald Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously, pp. 184205.

  104. Antoine-Nicolas de Condorcet, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind, p. 174.

  105. Regents of the University of California v. Allan Bakke, 438 U.S. 265, at 294n.

  CHAPTER 9: VISIONS, VALUES, AND PARADIGMS

  1. Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970), pp. viii, 10, 23-34.

  2. Ibid., p. 10.

  3. Ibid., p. 17.

  4. Thomas Robert Malthus, Population: The First Essay (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1959), pp. 3, 50-105.

  5. Ibid., p. 4.

  6. Though implicit, diminishing returns did not become explicit until seventeen years later, when Malthus and Sir Edward West simultaneously published pamphlets which made them the accredited co-discoverers of this economic principle. Thomas Robert Malthus, An Inquiry into the Nature and Progress of Rent (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1903); [Sir Edward West], An Essay on the Application of Capital to Land (London: P. Underwood, 1815). See also Thomas Sowell, Classical Economics Reconsidered (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974), pp. 75-77.

  7. Thomas Robert Malthus, Population, p. 20.

  8. Thomas Robert Malthus, Principles of Political Economy, 2nd edition (London: John Murray, 1836), p. 226.

  9. Thomas Robert Malthus, Population, p. 34.

  10. Ibid., p. 57.

  11. Ibid., p. 67.

  12. Ibid., p. 95.

  13. See Thomas Sowell, "Adam Smith in Theory and Practice," Adam Smith and Modern Political Economy, ed. Gerald P. O'Driscoll (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1979), pp. 11-13.

  14. Richard A. Lester, "Shortcomings of Marginal Analysis for Wage-Employment Problems," American Economic Review, March 1946, pp. 63-82.

  15. Herbert G. Gutman, The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom, 1750-1925 (New York: Vintage Books, 1976).

  16. Friedrich A. Hayek, The Road to Serfdom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972), pp. 103-105.

  17. Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of The Wealth of Nations (New York: The Modern Library, 1937), p. 250.

  18. Ibid., p. 438.

  19. Ibid., p. 128.

  20. Ibid., p. 401.

  21. Milton and Rose Friedman, Tyranny of the Status Quo (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1984), pp. 35-39, 46, 52-53, 119; F. A. Hayek, Studies in Philosophy, Politics and Economics (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1967), p. 192.

  22. William Godwin, Enquiry Concerning Political Justice (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1969), Vol. I, p. 21; ibid., Vol. II, p. 454; Bernard Shaw, The Intelligent Woman's Guide to Socialism and Capitalism (New York: Brentano's Publishers, 1928), pp. 386391; John Kenneth Galbraith, The Anatomy of Power (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1983), pp. 138-140.

  23. Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, p. 718ff.

  24. Joseph A. Schumpeter was one of the rare exceptions, but he was only briefly a businessman- and unsuccessfully so.

  25. Thomas Robert Malthus, Population, p. 3.

  26. William Godwin, Of Population (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, 1820), p. 520.

  27. Ibid., p. 554.

  28. Ibid., p. 550.

  29. Ibid., p. 565.

  30. S
ee, for example, Friedrich A. Hayek, The Road to Serfdom, pp. iv-v.

  31. Ibid., p. 55.

  32. Ibid., p. 185.

  33. See, for example, J. A. Schumpeter, "Science and Ideology," American Economic Review, March 1949, pp. 345-359.

  34. Thomas Sowell, Knowledge and Decisions (New York: Basic Books, 1980), pp. 147-149.

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