Intellectuals and Race Read online

  36. W.E.B. Du Bois, The Philadelphia Negro, pp. 41–42, 305–306.

  37. Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives: Studies among the Tenements of New York (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970), p. 99; David Katzman, Before the Ghetto, pp. 35, 37, 102, 138, 139, 160; St. Clair Drake and Horace R. Cayton, Black Metropolis, Vol. I, pp. 44–45; Willard B. Gatewood, Aristocrats of Color, pp. 119, 125.

  38. Edward Glaeser and Jacob Vigdor, “The End of The Segregated Century: Racial Separation in America’s Neighborhoods, 1890–2010,” Civic Report, No. 66 (January 2012), pp. 3–4.

  39. David Katzman, Before the Ghetto, pp. 35, 37, 102, 138, 139, 160; St. Clair Drake and Horace R. Cayton, Black Metropolis, Vol. I, pp. 44–45.

  40. Oscar Handlin, The Newcomers: Negroes and Puerto Ricans in a Changing Metropolis (New York: Anchor Books, 1962), p. 46.

  41. Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives, p. 99.

  42. W.E.B. Du Bois, The Philadelphia Negro, pp. 33–36, 119–121.

  43. E. Franklin Frazier, The Negro in the United States, revised edition (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1957), p. 405.

  44. St. Clair Drake and Horace R. Cayton, Black Metropolis, Vol. I, p. 176n. See also Allan H. Spear, Black Chicago, Chapter 1.

  45. See the title article in my Black Rednecks and White Liberals (San Francisco: Encounter Books, 2005).

  46. W.E.B. Du Bois, The Black North in 1901: A Social Study (New York: Arno Press, 1969), p. 39.

  47. Gilbert Osofsky, Harlem, pp. 43–44.

  48. E. Franklin Frazier, The Negro in the United States, revised edition, p. 643.

  49. Ibid., p. 630.

  50. Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma, p. 965.

  51. See, for example, Willard B. Gatewood, Aristocrats of Color, pp. 186–187, 332; Allan H. Spear, Black Chicago, p. 168; E. Franklin Frazier, The Negro in the United States, revised edition, pp. 284–285; Florette Henri, Black Migration: Movement North, 1900–1920 (Garden City, New York: Anchor Press, 1975), pp. 96–97; Gilbert Osofsky, Harlem, pp. 43–44; Ivan H. Light, Ethnic Enterprise in America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972), Figure 1 (after p. 100); W.E.B. Du Bois, The Black North in 1901, p. 25.

  52. Willard B. Gatewood, Aristocrats of Color, pp. 65, 250; E. Franklin Frazier, The Negro in the United States, revised edition, pp. 250–251, 441; Davison M. Douglas, Jim Crow Moves North: The Battle over Northern School Segregation, 1865–1954 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 137–153.

  53. Douglas Henry Daniels, Pioneer Urbanites: A Social and Cultural History of Black San Francisco (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1980), pp. 171–173; E. Franklin Frazier, The Negro in the United States, revised edition, pp. 270–271.

  54. See, for example, Isabel Wilkerson, The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America’s Great Migration (New York: Random House, 2010), p. 291; Irving Howe, World of Our Fathers (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976), pp. 229–230.

  55. Irving Howe, World of Our Fathers, pp. 229, 230. Similar patterns existed in Australia in the 1930s. Hilary Rubinstein, Chosen: The Jews in Australia (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1987), p. 177.

  56. Isabel Wilkerson, The Warmth of Other Suns, p. 291.

  57. Michael Tobias, “Dialectical Dreaming: The Western Perception of Mountain People,” Mountain People, edited by Michael Tobias (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1986), p. 191.

  58. James M. McPherson, “Deconstructing Affirmative Action,” Perspectives (American Historical Association), April 2003, online edition.

  59. Ibid.

  60. United Steelworkers of America, AFL-CIO-CLC v. Weber, 443 U.S. (1979), at 212.

  61. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 438 U.S. (1978), at 265, 365–366.

  62. Ibid., at 374 n.58.

  Chapter 7: Race and Cosmic Justice

  1. Andrew Hacker, Two Nations: Black and White, Separate, Hostile, Unequal (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1992), p. 53.

  2. Ibid., pp. xi, 19, 27.

  3. Ibid., p. 29.

  4. Ibid., p. 51.

  5. Ibid., p. 23.

  6. Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (New York: Harper & Brothers 1944), p. 964.

  7. Tom Wicker, “The Worst Fear,” New York Times, April 28, 1989, p. A39.

  8. Susannah Meadows and Evan Thomas, “What Happened At Duke?” Newsweek, May 1, 2006, p. 51.

  9. Meg Jones, “Flynn Calls Looting, Beatings in Riverwest Barbaric,” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, July 6, 2011, pp. A1 ff.

  10. See, for example, Ian Urbina, “Mobs Are Born as Word Grows By Text Message,” New York Times, March 25, 2010, p. A1; Kirk Mitchell, “Attacks Change Lives on All Sides,” Denver Post, December 6, 2009, pp. A1 ff; Alan Gathright, 7News Content Producer, “Black Gangs Vented Hatred for Whites in Downtown Attacks,” The DenverChannel.com, December 5, 2009; Meg Jones, “Flynn Calls Looting, Beatings in Riverwest Barbaric,” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, July 6, 2011, pp. A1 ff; Mareesa Nicosia, “Four Skidmore College Students Charged in Assault; One Charged with Felony Hate Crime,” The Saratogian (online), December 22, 2010; “Concealing Black Hate Crimes,” Investor’s Business Daily, August 15, 2011, p. A16; Joseph A. Slobodzian, “West Philly Man Pleads Guilty to ‘Flash Mob’ Assault,” Philadelphia Inquirer, June 21, 2011, pp. B1 ff; Alfred Lubrano, “What’s Behind ‘Flash Mobs’?” Philadelphia Inquirer, March 28, 2010, pp. A1 ff; Stephanie Farr, “‘Geezer’ Won’t Let Thugs Ruin His Walks,” Philadelphia Daily News, October 20, 2011, Local section, p. 26; Barry Paddock and John Lauinger, “Subway Gang Attack,” New York Daily News, July 18, 2011, News, p. 3.

  11. Steve Chapman, “Race and the ‘Flash Mob’ Attacks,” Chicago Tribune, June 8, 2011 (online).

  12. Daniel J. Losen, Executive Summary, “Discipline Policies, Successful Schools, and Racial Justice,” National Education Policy Center, School of Education, University of Colorado Boulder, October 2011.

  13. David D. Cole, “Can Our Shameful Prisons Be Reformed?” New York Review of Books, November 19, 2009, p. 41.

  14. Ibid.

  15. Ibid.

  16. Ibid.

  17. See, for example, Theodore Dalrymple, Life at the Bottom: The Worldview That Makes the Underclass (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2001), p. 69.

  18. “Historical Poverty Tables: Table 4,” U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements. Downloaded June 29, 2007 from:

  http://www.census.govhhes/www/poverty/histpov/hstpov4.html.

  19. Martin A. Klein, “Introduction,” Breaking the Chains: Slavery, Bondage, and Emancipation in Modern Africa and Asia, edited by Martin A. Klein (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993), pp. 19, 20. As of 1840, there were still more slaves in India than those emancipated by the British in the Caribbean. David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution 1770–1823 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1975), p. 63.

  20. Martin A. Klein, “Introduction,” Breaking the Chains, edited by Martin A. Klein, p. 8.

  21. Ibid., p. 11.

  22. John Stuart Mill, “Considerations on Representative Government,” Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, Vol. XIX: Essays on Politics and Society, edited by J.M. Robson (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1977), p. 395.

  23. Abraham Lincoln to Albert G. Hodges, April 4, 1864, reprinted in The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, edited by Roy P. Basler (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1953), Vol. VII, p. 281.

  24. Kevin Bales, “The Social Psychology of Modern Slavery,” Scientific American, April 2002, pp. 80–88.

  25. Orlando Patterson, Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982), pp. 406–407; W. Montgomery Watt, The Influence of Islam on Medieval Europe (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1972), p. 19; Bernard Lewis, Race and Slavery in the Middle East: An Historical Enquiry (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 11; Daniel Evans, “Slave Coast of Europe,” Slavery &
Abolition, Vol. 6, Number 1 (May 1985), p. 53, note 3; William D. Phillips, Jr., Slavery from Roman Times to the Early Transatlantic Trade (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1985), p. 57.

  26. Robert C. Davis, Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500–1800 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), p. 23; Philip D. Curtin, The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969), pp. 72, 75, 87.

  27. Daniel J. Boorstin, The Americans, Vol. II: The National Experience (New York: Random House, 1965), p. 203.

  28. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1966), Vol. I, p. 365; Frederick Law Olmsted, The Cotton Kingdom: A Traveller’s Observations on Cotton and Slavery in the American Slave States, edited by Arthur M. Schlesinger (New York: Modern Library, 1969), pp. 476n, 614–622; Hinton Rowan Helper, The Impending Crisis of the South: How to Meet It, enlarged edition (New York: A. B. Burdick, 1860), p. 34.

  29. David Hackett Fischer, Albion’s Seed: Four British Folkways in America (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), pp. 31–33, 89–91, 130–134, 252, 284–285, 298, 303, 345–346, 365–368, 621–630, 674–675, 680–682, 703–708, 721–723.

  30. Herbert G. Gutman, The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom, 1750–1925 (New York: Vintage Press, 1977), pp. 32, 45; Leon F. Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), p. 238.

  31. Stephan Thernstrom and Abigail Thernstrom, America in Black and White: One Nation, Indivisible (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997), p. 238.

  32. Henry A. Walker, “Black-White Differences in Marriage and Family Patterns,” Feminism, Children and the New Families, edited by Sanford M. Dornbusch and Myra H. Strober (New York: The Guilford Press, 1988), p. 92.

  33. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1957 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1960), p. 72.

  Chapter 8: The Past and The Future

  1. Madison Grant, The Passing of the Great Race or the Racial Basis of European History, revised edition (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1918), p. 100.

  2. Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1944), pp. xlvii, 669.

  3. Charles Murray, Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980 (New York: Basic Books, 1984), pp. 116–117.

  4. Theodore Dalrymple, Life at the Bottom: The Worldview That Makes the Underclass (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2001), pp. 69, 70.

  5. Stephan Thernstrom and Abigail Thernstrom, America in Black and White: One Nation, Indivisible (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997), p. 233.

  6. Thomas Sowell, Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004), pp. 19–20.

  7. For detailed examples, see chapter 1 of my Affirmative Action Around the World.

  8. Gordon P. Means, “Ethnic Preference Policies in Malaysia,” Ethnic Preference and Public Policy in Developing States, edited by Neil Nevitte and Charles H. Kennedy (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc., 1986), p. 108; V. K. Natraj, “Reservation and the OBCs,” The Hindu (India), April 4, 2000.

  9. Gardiner Harris, “With Affirmative Action, India’s Rich Gain School Slots Meant for Poor,” New York Times, October 8, 2012, p. A4. See also Marc Galanter, Competing Equalities: Law and the Backward Classes in India (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), p. 469.

  10. Ozay Mehmet and Yip Yat Hoong, “An Empirical Evaluation of Government Scholarship Policy in Malaysia,” Higher Education (The Netherlands), Vol. 14, No. 2 (April 1985), p. 202.

  11. Sara Rimer and Karen W. Arenson, “Top Colleges Take More Blacks, but Which Ones?” New York Times, June 24, 2004, pp. A1, A18.

  12. Richard H. Sander and Stuart Taylor, Jr., Mismatch: How Affirmative Action Hurts Students It’s Intended to Help, and Why Universities Won’t Admit It (New York: Basic Books, 2012), p. 152. See also p. 154.

  13. Ibid., p. 138.

  14. Ibid., p. 154.

  15. Ibid., pp. 34, 55–56, 59, 90–91, 146–147, 148, 150, 152, 154, 162, 231; Thomas Sowell, Affirmative Action Around the World, pp. 154–156.

  16. Richard H. Sander and Stuart Taylor, Jr., Mismatch, p. 61.

  17. Walter E. Williams, The State Against Blacks (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982), p. 31.

  18. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Sears, Roebuck & Company, 839 F.2d 302 at 311, 360; Peter Brimelow, “Spiral of Silence,” Forbes, May 25, 1992, p. 77.

  19. The Civil Rights Act of 1991 (Public Law 102–166 [S. 1745]).

  20. See, for example, John Herbers, “Local Pressure Bringing More Lending in Inner Cities,” New York Times, May 5, 1986, p. B11; William Claiborne, “Jackson’s Fundraising Methods Spur Questions,” Washington Post, March 27, 2001, pp. A1 ff; “Fannie Mae’s Political Immunity,” Wall Street Journal, July 29, 2008, p. A16; Kenneth R. Timmerman, “Freddie Mac, Verizon Made Jesse’s Hit List,” Insight on the News, May 27, 2002, pp. 20–21; Peter Schweizer, Architects of Ruin: How Big Government Liberals Wrecked the Global Economy—and How They Will Do It Again If No One Stops Them (New York: Harper Collins, 2009), p. 14.

  21. Paul Craig Roberts, “How to Rob A Bank Legally,” Washington Times, December 20, 1993, p. A24.

  22. Joint Center for Housing Studies, Harvard University, “The 25th Anniversary of the Community Reinvestment Act: Access to Capital in an Evolving Financial Services System,” March 2002, p. 125.

  23. Antoine-Nicolas de Condorcet, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind, translated by June Barraclough (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1955), p. 174; John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1971), p. 100.

  INDEX

  Abstract People (see also Intertemporal Abstractions), 19, 50, 89, 101, 104, 105, 118

  Academia, 2–3, 10, 14–15, 40, 136

  Acculturation, 98–102, 103, 111

  Achievement versus Privilege, 52–53

  Affirmative Action, 104, 128, 129–131

  Africa, 11–12, 119, 121

  Age, 16, 75, 77

  Alcohol, 10, 18, 51

  American Economic Association, 31, 33, 34, 35

  An American Dilemma, 88, 89, 100, 102, 111, 168 (note 7)

  Angels, 19, 53, 80–81, 108, 109, 111, 121, 123

  Anglo-Saxons, 1, 21, 23, 39

  Argentina, 8, 9, 15, 106

  Arguments without Arguments, 94, 104, 106, 115

  Armenians, 8, 14, 89

  Asian Americans, 4–5, 6, 53, 54, 64–65, 68, 76, 104, 128n, 131

  Australia, 9, 12, 15, 23, 32, 86, 172 (note 55)

  Baldwin, James, 90, 91

  Balkans, 9, 14, 15, 90

  Baltics, 13, 14, 15, 90

  Banks, 5, 9, 135–136

  Bar Examinations, 67, 131

  The Bell Curve, 81–84, 167 (note 94)

  Blacks, 3, 4–6, 26, 27, 30, 31, 35, 37–38, 64, 65–66, 68, 87, 89, 109

  acculturation: 98–100, 101–102, 103

  “acting white”: 76, 110

  black crime: 111–118, 123, 126

  black families: 62, 63, 116, 120–121, 126

  black IQs: 25, 71–72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78–79, 80, 82

  black labor force participation: 95, 120

  black migrations: 24, 98, 99–100, 101, 111

  black orphans adopted by white families: 79

  black public opinion: 92–93, 102

  black residential patterns: 20

  black soldiers in the First World War: 68, 72–73

  black students: 65–67, 69–70

  black subculture: 75–79

  black unemployment: 93, 95–96

  black violence: 53, 103, 123

  black-white comparisons: 4, 5–6, 13, 19, 24, 25, 26, 37, 38, 61, 63, 64, 65–67, 68, 70, 71, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 82, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 95–96, 98, 112, 114, 116–117, 119, 120, 123, 124–125, 126

  black youths: 95,
112, 113–114, 115, 123, 127

  progress and retrogression: 97–100, 101, 111, 126

  sex differences in black IQs: 78–79

  “Blaming the Victim,” 44, 88, 103, 108, 111

  Bohemia, 45, 49

  Brazil, 8, 15, 132

  Brigham, Carl, 26, 72, 73

  Britain, 3, 7, 27, 41, 43, 78, 91, 116, 120, 123, 126, 129

  Burden of Proof, 17–18, 107, 134

  California, 6, 93, 130–131

  Canada, 47, 52, 53, 96

  Canary Islands, 12

  Caste, 110

  Causation, 95, 96–98, 120, 121

  causation versus blame: 108, 109, 111

  causation versus characterization: 93, 94–95, 96–97, 98, 99, 101

  causation versus conveyance: 107, 108, 132–133

  causation versus correlation: 22, 23

  external factors: 15, 20, 58, 115, 116, 127

  internal factors: 15–16, 51, 58, 80–81, 116

  Ceylon (see also Sri Lanka), 8, 9

  Chicago, 20, 97, 98, 114

  China, 6, 23, 41, 71n, 118, 125

  Chinese People, 8, 10, 16, 23, 32, 51, 52–53, 64, 65, 94, 139

  Civil Rights Act of 1964, 102

  Cleanliness, 38, 101

  Columbia University, 28, 33, 87

  Correlation versus Causation, 22, 23

  Cosmic Justice, 50, 107–121

  Crime, 18, 24, 42, 109, 111–118, 127, 132, 133

  “Critical Mass,” 75–76, 77

  Cultures, 10, 11, 12–13, 15, 17, 22, 45, 68, 75–81, 105, 108, 116, 122, 137

  cultural borrowing: 14, 44, 108

  cultural environment: 13, 88, 108

  cultural universe: 12

  multiculturalism: 86, 102–106, 108

  Czechs, 45, 47, 49–51, 109

  Dalrymple, Theodore, 76, 91, 123, 126