The Quest for Cosmic Justice Page 18

  12. Duane Meyer, The Highland Scots of North Carolina, 1732–1776 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 1961); “Scots,” The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, Its People and Their Origins, edited by James Jupp (North Ryde, N.S.W.: Angus & Robertson Publishers, 1988), pp. 762, 764, 765–769.

  13. Robert C. Nichols, “Heredity, Environment, and School Achievement,” Measurement and Evaluation in Guidance, Vol. 1, No. 2 (Summer 1968), p. 126.

  14. Charles Murray, “IQ and Economic Success,” The Public Interest, Summer 1997, pp. 21–35.

  15. See, for example, Thomas Sowell, Race and Culture: A World View (New York: Basic Books, 1994), Chapter 6.

  16. Bernard Shaw, The Intelligent Woman’s Guide to Socialism and Capitalism (New York: Brentano’s Publishers, 1928), p. 6.

  17. R. H. Tawney, Equality (London: George Allen & Unwin, Ltd., 1931), pp. 24, 25, 28, 29.

  18. Ronald Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1980), p. 239.

  19. Helmut Schoeck, Envy: A Theory of Social Behaviour (Indianapolis: Liberty Press, 1987), Chapter 4.

  20. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971), p. 78.

  21. See, for examples, Helmut Schoeck, Envy, Chapter 8.

  22. Michele A. Hernandez, A Is for Admission: The Insider’s Guide to Getting into the Ivy League and Other Top Colleges (New York: Warner Books, 1997), pp. 117–118. See also pp. 3, 6, 7, 9, 50, 120.

  23. Camilla Persson Benbow and Julian C. Stanley, “Inequity in Equity: How ‘Equity’ Can Lead to Inequity for High-Potential Students,” Psychology, Public Policy & Law, Vol. 2, No. 2 (June 1996), p. 272.

  24. Quoted in Lynne V. Cheney, “A Failing Grade for Clinton’s National Standards,” Wall Street Journal, September 29, 1997, p. A12.

  25. Helmut Schoeck, Envy, p. 28.

  26. See, for example, Thomas Sowell, A Conflict of Visions (New York: William Morrow, 1987), Chapter 6.

  The Tyranny of Visions

  1. Will Rogers, “On Preparedness,” A Will Rogers Treasury, edited by Bryan B. Sterling and Frances N. Sterling (New York: Crown Publishers, Inc., 1982), p. 113.

  2. Oswald Garrison Villard, “Issues and Men: Vested Interests,” The Nation, January 16, 1935, p. 63.

  3. Charles A. Beard, “The Big Navy Boys,” New Republic, January 20, 1932, p. 258.

  4. Bertrand Russell, Which Way to Peace? (London: Michael Joseph, Ltd., 1936), p. 199.

  5. Quoted in Charles F. Howlett, Troubled Philosopher: John Dewey and the Struggle for World Peace (Port Washington, N.Y.: Kennikat Press, 1977), p. 134.

  6. Paul Johnson, Intellectuals (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), p. 208.

  7. Speech in the House of Commons, November 12, 1940, Winston Churchill, Churchill Speaks: Winston S. Churchill in Peace and War, edited by Robert Rhodes James (New York: Chelsea House, 1980), p. 734.

  8. See, for examples, Thomas Sowell, The Vision of the Anointed: Self-Congratulation as a Basis for Social Policy (New York: Basic Books, 1995), pp. 3–5.

  9. John Dewey, “Outlawing Peace by Discussing War,” New Republic, May 16, 1928, p. 370.

  10. Ibid.

  11. John Dewey, “If War Were Outlawed,” New Republic, April 25, 1923, p. 234.

  12. Ibid., p. 235.

  13. See, for example, Thomas Sowell, A Conflict of Visions (New York: William Morrow, 1987), Chapter 7.

  14. John Dewey, Human Nature and Conduct: An Introduction to Social Psychology (New York: The Modern Library, 1957), pp. 18, 297.

  15. Bertrand Russell, Which Way to Peace?, pp. 174, 176.

  16. Ibid., p. 184.

  17. Robert Shepherd, A Class Divided: Appeasement and the Road to Munich, 1938 (London: Macmillan Co., Ltd., 1988), p. 50.

  18. Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War, Vol I: The Gathering Storm (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1983), pp. 14, 413; Arthur Berriedale Keith, Speeches and Documents on International Affairs: 1918–1937 (London: Oxford University Press, 1938), p. 49.

  19. Winston S. Churchill, The Gathering Storm, p. 14.

  20. Donald Kagan, On the Causes of War and the Preservation of Peace (New York: Doubleday, 1995), p. 314.

  21. Bertrand Russell, Which Way to Peace?, pp. 146, 152.

  22. Ibid., p. 343. Nor was this mere talk. The British Labour Party routinely voted against all military expenditures until the mid-1930s— when the ever more blatant threat of Hitler and a rapidly rearming Germany finally forced the party into mere abstentions on military votes in Parliament. This change, incidentally, was because of the non-anointed within the party—the labor union leaders, rather than the left-wing intelligentsia.

  23. Oswald Garrison Villard, “We Militarize,” The Atlantic Monthly, 1936, p. 144.

  24. Norman Thomas, “What Will I Do When America Goes to War” The Modern Monthly, Vol. IX, No. 5 (September 1935), p. 265.

  25. Gerald P. Nye, “Billions for ‘Defense,’” Forum, Vol. XCV, No. 4 (April 1936), p. 208.

  26. Neville Chamberlain, In Search of Peace (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1939), p. 192.

  27. Ibid., p. 252.

  28. Ibid., p. 45.

  29. Bertrand Russell, Which Way to Peace?, p. 109.

  30. Even war itself was recognized by Edmund Burke as not being something that required a justification by any prospective gains but was part of the price of preserving existing independence and freedom. Of those who asked what Britain was gaining by fighting France, he said: “They ask what they are to get by this war? Why! The wretches, they get their existence—they get the power of playing the fool with impunity by it—and is that nothing?” Edmund Burke, The Correspondence of Edmund Burke, edited by P. J. Marshall and John A. Woods (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968), Vol. VII, p. 416.

  31. John F. Kennedy, Why England Slept (New York: Wilfred Funk, Inc., 1961), pp. 6–7.

  32. An empirical study of the effects of gun-ownership by law-abiding citizens in the United States likewise showed that the spread of such gun-ownership was highly correlated with a decline in violent crimes. John R. Lott, Jr., More Guns, Less Crime: Understanding Crime and Gun Control Laws (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998).

  33. Dinesh D’Souza, Ronald Reagan: How an Ordinary Man Became an Extraordinary Leader (New York: The Free Press, 1997), p. 4.

  34. Neville Chamberlain, In Search of Peace, p. 288.

  35. Ibid., pp. 26, 27.

  36. Ibid., p. 34.

  37. Ibid., pp. 163, 179, 204.

  38. Bertrand Russell, Which Way to Peace?, p. 205.

  39. Winston Churchill, Churchill Speaks, p. 554.

  40. Neville Chamberlain, In Search of Peace, p. 98.

  41. Ibid., p. 133.

  42. Ibid., p. 106.

  43. Ibid., p. 5.

  44. Ibid., p. 53.

  45. Ibid, pp. 34, 40, 120, 209, 210, 216, 230, 240, 242, 250, 271.

  46. See, for example, Edward N. Luttwak, “Churchill and Us,” Commentary, Vol. 63, No. 6 (June 1977), pp. 44–49.

  47. Winston Churchill, Churchill Speaks, p. 809.

  48. William Manchester, The Last Lion, Vol. I: Alone, 1932–1940 (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1988), p. 680.

  49. Winston Churchill, Churchill Speaks, p. 884.

  50. Time, May 14, 1945, p. 15.

  51. James Bennet, “Between Wary Presidents, Signs of Bonding,” New York Times, October 30, 1997, p. A1.

  52. A fuller analysis of Marx’s theories can be found in my Marxism: Philosophy and Economics (New York: William Morrow, 1985), especially Chapters 5–8.

  53. Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Correspondence: 1846–1985, edited by Dona Torr (New York: International Publishers, 1942), pp. 115–116; Frederick Engels, The Condition of the Working-Class in 1844 (London: George Allen & Unwin, Ltd., 1952), p. xiv.

  54. Ibid., p. 63.

  55. V. I. Lenin, Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism (New York: International Publishers, 1969), pp. 13–14.


  56. Ibid., p. 29.

  57. Ibid., p. 64.

  58. Ibid., pp. 16–17, 18, 22–23, 31, 32, 38.

  59. Ibid., pp. 64–65.

  60. Mira Wilkins, The History of Foreign Investment in the United States to 1914 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989), p. 609.

  61. Peter Mathias, The First Industrial Nation: An Economic History of Britain 1700–1914, second edition (London: Methuen, 1983), p. 300.

  62. Ibid., p. 300.

  63. Ibid., p. 107.

  64. L. H. Gann, “Economic Development in Germany’s African Empire, 1884–1914,” Colonialism in Africa 1870–1960, Vol. IV, edited by Peter Duignan and L. H. Gann, p. 218.

  65. L. H. Gann and Peter Duignanc, “Reflections on Imperialism and the Scramble for Africa,” Ibid., Vol. I, p. 113.

  66. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States: From Colonial Times to 1870 (Washington; D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1975), p. 870.

  67. Joseph A. Schumpeter, History of Economic Analysis (New York: Oxford University Press, 1954), p. 43n.

  68. Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives: Studies Among the Tenements of New York (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970), p. 84.

  69. Milton Friedman and Anna J. Schwartz, A Monetary History of the United States: 1867–1960 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963), pp. 495–496; Paul Johnson, A History of the American People (New York: Basic Books, 1998), pp. 752–759.

  70. Benjamin A. Rogge, Can Capitalism Survive? (Indianapolis: Liberty Press, 1979), p. 110.

  71. Peter Collier and David Horowitz, Deconstructing the Left: From Vietnam to the Clinton Era (Los Angeles: Second Thoughts Books, 1995), p. 12.

  72. Adam Smith, On the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (New York: Modern Library, 1937), p. 16; F. A. Hayek, The Collected Works of F. A. Hayek, Vol. I: The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism, edited by W. W. Bartley III (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), p. 79.

  73. F. A. Hayek, The Road to Serfdom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972), p. 137.

  The Quiet Repeal of the American Revolution

  1. Abraham Lincoln, “The Perpetuation of Our Political Institutions”: Address Before the Young Men’s Lyceum of Springfield, Illinois, January 27, 1838, Abraham Lincoln: His Speeches and Writings, edited by Roy P. Basler (New York: Kraus Reprint, 1981), p. 80.

  2. Ibid., p. 82.

  3. Ibid., p. 83.

  4. Ibid., p. 83.

  5. Curtis Sittenfeld, “Law Students Campaign for Rights of Prisoners,” The Stanford Daily, November 7, 1995, p. 12.

  6. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1966), Vol. II, pp. 367–368.

  7. The landmark case in the development of this doctrine was Griggs v. Duke Power Co., 401 U.S. 424 (1971). An employment test that all job applicants at the Duke Power Company had to take was unanimously declared to be discriminatory against black applicants because a history of substandard education for blacks in the state’s racially segregation schools made it predictable that they would fail such tests at a higher rate than whites. Duke Power’s prior history of racial discrimination may well have suggested to the justices that this test was a subterfuge to continue that discrimination in an outwardly neutral guise.

  8. Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (New York: Everyman’s Library, 1967), p. 56.

  9. James FitzJames Stephen, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1993), p. 170.

  10. Margaret Bush Wilson, “Reflections on Discrimination in the Private Sector,” Washington University Law Quarterly, Vol. 1979, p. 783.

  11. Aristotle, “Rhetoric,” The Basic Works of Aristotle, edited by Richard McKeon (New York: Random House, 1941), p. 1328.

  12. Margaret Bush Wilson, “Reflections on Discrimination in the Private Sector,” Washington University Law Quarterly, Vol. 1979, pp. 784, 785.

  13. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971), pp. 60, 61, 302.

  14. Robin Wilson, “Yale Professor, a Unabomber Target, Takes Aim at Modern American Society,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, September 19, 1997, p. A14.

  15. “In the Malay States primary education in Malay was free for all Malay boys and gils, and compulsory for all boys living within a mile and a half of a Malay vernacular school. Estates employing over a certain number of Tamil labourers had to maintain a school and give free vernacular education to the children of Tamil labourers working on the estate. There were no such facilities for Chinese.” Victor Purcell, The Overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia, second edition (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1980), p. 277. Gordon P. Means, “Ethnic Preference Policies in Malaysia,” Ethnic Preference and Public Policy in Developing States, edited by Neil Nevitte and Charles H. Kennedy (Boulder, Colo.: Lyne Rienner Publishers, Inc., 1986), p. 107.

  16. R. Bayly Winder, “The Lebanese in West Africa,” Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 4 (1967), pp. 309–310.

  17. See, for example, Thomas Sowell, Preferential Policies: An International Perspective (New York: William Morrow, 1990).

  18. See, for example, Robert L. Schuettinger and Eamon F. Butler, Forty Centuries of Wage and Price Controls: How Not to Fight Inflation (Washington, D.C.: The Heritage Foundation, 1979); F. A. Hayek et al., Rent Control: A Popular Paradox (Vancouver, B.C.: The Fraser Institute, 1975).

  19. See F. A. Hayek et al., Rent Control; Milton Friedman et al., Rent Control: Myths and Realities (Vancouver, B.C.: The Fraser Institute, 1981), William Tucker, “How Rent Control Drives Out Affordable Housing,” Policy Analysis (Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute), No. 274 (May 21, 1997); Charles W. Baird, Rent Control: The Perennial Folly (Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, 1980).

  20. Mark D’Anastasio, “Soviet Health System, Despite Early Claims, Is Riddled by Failures,” Wall Street Journal, August 18, 1997, p. A1; Cynthia Ramsay and Michael Walker, Waiting Your Turn: Hospital Waiting Lists in Canada, eighth edition (Vancouver, B.C.: The Fraser Institute, 1998).

  21. Laurence H. Tribe, Constitutional Choices (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985), p. 187.

  22. Aristotle, “Rhetoric,” The Basic Works of Aristotle, edited by Richard McKeon (New York: Random House, 1941), p. 1326.

  23. Anthony Lewis, “The Blackmun Legacy,” New York Times, April 4, 1994, p. A13.

  24. Robert H. Bork, The Tempting of America: The Political Seduction of the Law (New York: The Free Press, 1990), p. 6.

  25. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Collected Legal Papers (New York: Peter Smith, 1952), p. 307.

  26. Kuhn v. Fairmont Coal Co., 215 U.S. 349, p. 372.

  27. Untermeyer v. Anderson, 276 U.S. 440.

  28. Letter of July 1, 1929, The Mind and Faith of Justice Holmes: His Speeches, Essays, Letters and Judicial Opinions, edited by Max Lerner (New York: The Modern Library, no date), p. 435.

  29. Robert H. Bork, The Tempting of America: The Political Seduction of the Law (New York: The Free Press, 1990), p. 6.

  30. Samuel H. Moss, Inc. v. Federal Trade Commission, 148 F.2d 378 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 326 U.S. 734 (1945).

  31. Ibid.

  32. The Borden Co., 62 F.T.C. 130 (1962), rev’d on other grounds, 339 F.2d 133 (5th Cir. 1964), rev’d 383 U.S. 637 (1966).

  33. R. H. Tawney, Equality (London: George Allen & Unwin, Ltd., 1931), p. 229.

  34. Ibid., p. 227.

  35. Ibid., p. 234.

  36. Computed from The Baseball Encyclopedia, ninth edition (New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1993), pp. 220–221, 249–250.

  37. See, for example, the index category “Statistical Disparities” in Thomas Sowell, Migrations and Cultures: A World View (New York: Basic Books, 1996), p. 515.

  38. U.S. v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549 (1994)

  39. Benjamin A. Rogge, Can Capitalism Survive? (Indianapolis: Liberty Press, 1979), p. 49.

  Index

  Abstractions

  inter-tempo
ral,

  statistical,

  Advantages and Disadvantages,

  Aesop,

  Affirmative Action (see Preferential policies)

  Age,

  American Indians,

  Anointed Visionaries,

  Anti-Trust laws,

  Aristotle,

  Armenians,

  “Arms race,”

  The Atlantic Monthly,

  Attlee, Clement,

  Australia,

  Australian aborigines,

  Authority,

  The Axis,

  The Balkans,

  Baseball,

  Beard, Charles A.,

  Beauty,

  Bedouins,

  Belgium,

  Bill of Rights,

  Blackmun, Harry,

  Blacks,

  “Boat people,”

  Bolshevik revolution,

  Bonaparte, Napoleon,

  Borden Company,

  Bork, Robert H.,

  Braudel, Fernand,

  Brazil,

  Briand, Aristide,

  The British,

  British coal industry,

  British Empire,

  Buenos Aires,

  Burke, Edmund,

  Caesar, Julius,

  Cambodia,

  Cambodians,

  Canada,

  Canary Islands,

  Cancer,

  Carnegie Foundation,

  Carter, Jimmy,

  Castro, Fidel,

  Caucasian race,

  Causation

  direction as,

  versus Morality,

  Central Powers,

  Chamberlain, Neville,

  China,

  Chinese,

  Christians,

  Churchill, Winston

  Civil Rights (see Law, civil rights)

  Class (see also The Poor; The Rich)

  Clayton Act,

  Cobb, Ty,

  Cold War,

  Collective decision-making,

  College admissions,

  Columbus, Christopher,

  Common denominator,

  Common man,

  Complexity,

  Condorcet, M. J. A. N. C,

  Marquis de,

  Conquest,

  Constitution of the United States,

  First Amendment,

  Tenth Amendment,